The grasshopper is an insect of the suborder Caelifera in the order Orthoptera. To distinguish it from bush crickets or katydids, it is sometimes referred to as short-horned grasshoppers. Species that change colour and behaviour at high population densities are called locusts.

Characteristics

Grasshoppers have antennae that are almost always shorter than the body (sometimes filamentous), and short ovipositors. Those species that make easily heard noises usually do so by rubbing the hind femurs against the forewings or abdomen (stridulation), or by snapping the wings in flight. Tympana, if present, are on the sides of the first abdominal segment. The hind femora are typically long and strong, fitted for leaping. Generally they are winged, but hind wings are membranous while front wings (tegmina) are coriaceous and not fit for flight. Females are normally larger than males, with short ovipositors. Males have a single unpaired plate at the end of the abdomen. Females have two pairs of valves ( triangles) at the end of the abdomen used to dig in sand when egg laying.

They are easily confused with the other sub-order of Orthoptera, Ensifera, but are different in many aspects, such as the number of segments in their antennae and structure of the ovipositor, as well as the location of the tympana and modes of sound production. Ensiferans have antennae with at least 20-24 segments, and caeliferans have fewer. In evolutionary terms, the split between the Caelifera and the Ensifera is no more recent than the Permo-Triassic boundary (Zeuner 1939).

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Belalang adalah serangga herbivora dari subordo Caelifera dalam ordo Orthoptera. Serangga ini memiliki antena yang lebih pendek dari tubuhnya dan juga memiliki ovipositor pendek. Suara yang ditimbulkan beberapa spesies belalang biasanya dihasilkan dengan menggosokkan femur belakangnya terhadap sayap depan atau abdomen (disebut stridulasi), atau kerana kepakan sayapnya sewaktu terbang. Femur belakangnya umumnya panjang dan kuat untuk melompat. Serangga ini umumnya bersayap, walaupun sayapnya kadangkala tidak dapat digunakan untuk terbang. Belalang betina umumnya berukuran lebih besar dari belalang jantan.

A butterfly is an insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera, butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a larval caterpillar stage, an inactive pupal stage, and a spectacular metamorphosis into a familiar and colourful winged adult form. Most species are day-flying so they regularly attract attention. The diverse patterns formed by their brightly coloured wings and their erratic yet graceful flight have made butterfly watching a hobby.

Butterflies comprise the true butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea), the skippers (superfamily Hesperioidea) and the moth-butterflies (superfamily Hedyloidea). Butterflies exhibit polymorphism, mimicry and aposematism. Some migrate over long distances. Some butterflies have evolved symbiotic and parasitic relationships with social insects such as ants. Butterflies are important economically as agents of pollination. In addition, a few species are pests, because they can damage domestic crops and trees in their larval stage.

Culturally, butterflies are a popular motif in the visual and literary arts.

The four-stage lifecycle

Unlike many insects, butterflies do not experience a nymph period, but instead go through a pupal stage which lies between the larva and the adult stage (the imago). Butterflies are termed as holometabolous insects, and go through complete metamorphosis.

• Egg
• Larva, known as a caterpillar
• Pupa (chrysalis)
• Adult butterfly (imago)

It is a popular belief that butterflies have very short life spans. However, butterflies in their adult stage can live from a week to nearly a year depending on the species. Many species have long larval life stages while others can remain dormant in their pupal or egg stages and thereby survive winters.^[1]

Butterflies may have one or more broods per year. The number of generations per year varies from temperate to tropical regions with tropical regions showing a trend towards multivoltinism.

]]> http://mamathitam.wordpress.com/2009/06/28/rama-rama-butterfly/feed/ 0 MamathitaM Image Hosted by FileHive.com rerama http://mamathitam.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/pepatung-dragonfly/ http://mamathitam.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/pepatung-dragonfly/#comments Wed, 24 Jun 2009 15:02:03 +0000 MamathitaM http://mamathitam.wordpress.com/?p=131 ]]> Pepatung merupakan sejenis serangga dalam order Odonata, suborder Epicrota atau, lebih tepat lagi di bawah infraorder Anisoptera. Ia dikategorikan bedasarkan ciri-ciri mata bersegi besar, mempunyai 2 pasang sayap yang kuat dan lutsinar, dan berbadan panjang. Walaupun pepatung mempunyai 6 kaki seperti serangga-serangga lain, ia tetap tidak boleh berjalan. Pepatung juga merupakan serangga yang paling laju terbang.

Pepatung adalah pemangsa berguna yang memakan nyamuk, dan pelbagai serangga kecil lain seperti lalat, lebah, semut dan kupu-kupu. Ia biasanya boleh dijumpai di sekitar tasik, kolam, sungai dan tanah lembap kerana larvanya, yang juga dikenali sebagai “nimfa”, adalah bersifat akuatik.

Nimfa boleh memberi kesan gigitan yang menyakitkan apabila terancam. Pastikan anda membersihkan kawasan gigitan seluruhnya untuk mencegah jangkitan air tersimpan di bawah kulit.

Kitaran hidup

Pepatung betina bertelur di dalam atau berhampiran dengan air, pada kebiasaannya di atas tumbuhan terapung atau tumbuhan baru. Semasa bertelur, sesetengah spesies akan menyelam sepenuhnya untuk bertelur dalam permukaan yang baik. Telur tersebut kemudiannya menetas menjadi nimfa. Kebanyakan kehidupan pepatung diluangkan di dalam naiad (sejenis bentuk nimfa), di bawah permukaan air, menggunakan muncung yang boleh dipanjangkan untuk menangkap invertebrata atau vertebrata lain seperti berudu, ikan dan lain-lain. Mereka bernafas melalui insang yang terdapat di dalam rectum, dan boleh menggerakkan badan mereka dengan pantas melalui cara memaksa air keluar dari anus secara tiba-tiba. Sesetengah nimfa juga memburu di darat, satu kebolehan yang agak biasa pada zaman dahulu ketika pemangsa di bumi masih lembab.

Peringkat larva bagi pepatung yang besar boleh mencecah sehingga 5 tahun. Dalam spesies yang lebih kecil, peringkat ini hanya mengambil masa antara 2 bulan hingga 3 tahun. Apabila larva telah bersedia untuk menjalani metamorfosis menjadi dewasa,ia akan memanjat lalang air atau tumbuhan terapung. Keadaan terdedah kepada udara menyebabkan larva mula bernafas. Kulit larva atau juga digelar sebagai kepompong akan terbuka pada bahagian yang lemah dan lembut di belakang kepala. Kemudian, pepatung dewasa akan merangkak keluar dari kulit larva yang lama lalu mengembangkan sayapnya dan terbang mencari lalat atau serangga kecil sebagai makanan. Peringkat dewasa bagi kebanyakan pepatung hanya selama 4 bulan.

Pepatung dalam kehidupan manusia

Di Eropah, pepatung selalu dianggap sebagai satu ancaman. Di sebahagian negara Amerika Selatan, pepatung juga dipanggil metacaballo yang bermaksud pembunuh kuda memandangkan ia dilihat boleh mendatangkan bahaya kerana sesetengah spesies adalah sangat besar untuk dikategorikan sebagai serangga. Walau bagaimanapun, pepatung mempunyai reputasi yang lebih baik di Asia Timur dan pedalaman Amerika. Di pedalaman Amerika, ia dipercayai sebagai simbol perubahan selepas berusaha bersungguh-sungguh melakukan sesuatu. Di negara Jepun pula, pepatung dianggap sebagai lambang keberanian, kekuatan dan kegembiraan, malah ia sering dipersembahkan dalam seni dan kesusasteraan terutamanya haiku. Pepatung juga pernah digunakan sebagai ubat pada zaman dahulu di negara China dan Jepun. Di sebahagian kawasan di Bumi seperti di Indonesia, ia juga merupakan sumber makanan yang dimakan sama ada dewasa ataupun larva.

Gambar-gambar menarik tentang pepatung adalah biasa dalam Art Nouveau, terutamanya dalam mereka bentuk barang kemas. Ia juga digunakan sebagai motif dekoratif pada fabrik dan hiasan rumah.

A dragonfly is a type of insect belonging to the order Odonata, the suborder Epiprocta or, in the strict sense, the infraorder Anisoptera. It is characterized by large multifaceted eyes, two pairs of strong transparent wings, and an elongated body. Dragonflies are similar to damselflies, but the adults can be differentiated by the fact that the wings of most dragonflies are held away from, and perpendicular to, the body when at rest. Even though dragonflies possess 6 legs like any other insect, they are not capable of walking.

Dragonflies are valuable predators that eat mosquitoes, and other small insects like flies, bees, ants, and butterflies. They are usually found around lakes, ponds, streams and wetlands because their larvae, known as “nymphs”, are aquatic.

Nymphs can deliver a painful bite when threatened. The wound should be cleaned thoroughly to prevent water-borne infections.

Life cycle

Female dragonfly lay eggs in or near water, often on floating or emergent plants. When laying eggs, some species will submerge themselves completely in order to lay their eggs on a good surface. The eggs then hatch into nymphs. Most of a dragonfly’s life is spent in the naiad (that is, nymph) form, beneath the water’s surface, using extendable jaws to catch other invertebrates or even vertebrates such as tadpoles, fish, etc. They breathe through gills in their rectum, and can rapidly propel themselves by suddenly expelling water through the anus.[1] Some nymphs even hunt on land,[2] an aptitude which could easily have been more common in ancient times when terrestrial predators were clumsier.

The larval stage of large dragonflies may last as long as five years. In smaller species, this stage may last between two months and three years. When the larva is ready to metamorphose into an adult, it climbs up a reed or other emergent plant. Exposure to air causes the larvae to begin breathing. The skin splits at a weak spot behind the head and the adult dragonfly crawls out of its old larval skin, pumps up its wings, and flies off to feed on midges and flies. The adult stage of larger species of dragonfly can last as long as five or six months.

Classification (Anisozygoptera)
Formerly, the Anisoptera were given suborder rank beside the “ancient dragonflies” (Anisozygoptera) which were believed to contain the two living species of the genus Epiophlebia and numerous fossil ones. More recently it turned out that the “anisozygopterans” form a paraphyletic assemblage of morphologically primitive relatives of the Anisoptera. Thus, the Anisoptera (true dragonflies) are reduced to an infraorder in the new suborder Epiprocta (dragonflies in general). The artificial grouping Anisozygoptera is disbanded, its members being largely recognized as extinct offshoots at various stages of dragonfly evolution. The two living species formerly placed there — the Asian relict dragonflies — form the infraorder Epiophlebioptera alongside the Anisoptera.

A rainbow is an optical and meteorological phenomenon that causes a spectrum of light to appear in the sky when the Sun shines onto droplets of moisture in the Earth’s atmosphere. They take the form of a multicolouredarc, with red on the outer part of the arch and violet on the inner section of the arch.

A rainbow spans a continuous spectrum of colours. Traditionally, however, the sequence is quantised. The most commonly cited and remembered sequence, in English, is Newton’s sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. “Roy G. Biv” and “Richard Of York Gave/Gained Battle In Vain” are popular mnemonics. Another one is “Read Out Your Green Book In Verse”.

Visibility

Rainbows can be observed whenever there are water drops in the air and sunlight shining from behind a person at a low altitude angle (on the ground). The most spectacular rainbow displays happen when half of the sky is still dark with raining clouds and the observer is at a spot with clear sky in the direction of the Sun. The result is a luminous rainbow that contrasts with the darkened background.

The rainbow effect is also commonly seen near waterfalls or fountains. The effect can also be artificially created by dispersing water droplets into the air during a sunny day. Rarely, a moonbow, lunar rainbow or nighttime rainbow, can be seen on strongly moonlit nights. As human visual perception for colour is poor in low light, moonbows are often perceived to be white.^[1] It is difficult to photograph the complete semi-circle of a rainbow in one frame, as this would require an angle of view of 84°. For a 35 mm camera, a lens with a focal length of 19 mm or less wide-angle lens would be required. Now that powerful software for stitching several images into a panorama is available, images of the entire arc and even secondary arcs can be created fairly easily from a series of overlapping frames. From an aeroplane, one has the opportunity to see the whole circle of the rainbow, with the plane’s shadow in the centre. This phenomenon can be confused with the glory, but a glory is usually much smaller, covering only 5°–20°.

Scientific explanation

The light is first refracted as it enters the surface of the raindrop, reflected off the back of the drop, and again refracted as it leaves the drop. The overall effect is that the incoming light is reflected back over a wide range of angles, with the most intense light at an angle of 40°–42°. The angle is independent of the size of the drop, but does depend on its refractive index. Seawater has a higher refractive index than rain water, so the radius of a ‘rainbow’ in sea spray is smaller than a true rainbow. This is visible to the naked eye by a misalignment of these bows.^[2] The amount by which light is refracted depends upon its wavelength, and hence its colour. Blue light (shorter wavelength) is refracted at a greater angle than red light, but due to the reflection of light rays from the back of the droplet, the blue light emerges from the droplet at a smaller angle to the original incident white light ray than the red light. You may then think it is strange that the pattern of colours in a rainbow has red on the outside of the arc and blue on the inside. However, when we examine this issue more closely, we realise that if the red light from one droplet is seen by an observer, then the blue light from that droplet will not be seen because it must be on a different path from the red light: a path which is not incident with the observer’s eyes. The blue light seen in this rainbow will therefore come from a different droplet, which must be below that whose red light can be observed.

Contrary to popular belief, the light at the back of the raindrop does not undergo total internal reflection, and some light does emerge from the back. However, light coming out the back of the raindrop does not create a rainbow between the observer and the sun because spectra emitted from the back of the raindrop do not have a maximum of intensity, as the other visible rainbows do, and thus the colours blend together rather than forming a rainbow.

The hottest form is the bird’s eye chili pepper, which is also known as chili padi. This refers to the small size of the chili that reminds people about the small size of paddy (rice), the staple food in the region. It is also known as cili padi (Malay), cabe rawitIndonesian), phrik khii nuu (พริกขี้หนู, literally “mouse shit chili“), Thai hot, Thai dragon (due to its resemblance to claws), Siling Labuyo (Filipino), Ladâ, and boonie pepper (the Anglicized name). (

These tiny little fiery chilis point upward from the plant and their colors change directly from green to red. This type of chili can be found in Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, and the Philippines but most commonly in Thailand. Although small in size compared to other types of chili, the chili padi is relatively strong at 50,000 to 100,000 on the Scoville pungency scale. Malaysia consumes about RM140 million worth of chilies each year.^{[citation needed]}

Blowfly” redirects here. For the rapper, see Blowfly (artist).

Insects in the Order Diptera, family Calliphoridae are commonly called blow flies, carrion flies, bluebottle, greenbottle, or cluster flies.^[2]

The name blow-fly comes from an older English term for meat that had eggs laid on it, which was said to be fly blown. The first known association of the term “blow” with flies appears in the plays of William Shakespeare: Love’s Labour’s Lost, The Tempest, and Antony and Cleopatra.

Thunderbolt

A thunderbolt is a traditional expression for a discharge of lightning or a symbolic representation thereof. In its original usage the word may also have been a description of meteors^[1], although this is not currently the case. As a divine manifestation it has been a powerful symbol throughout history, and has appeared in many mythologies. Drawing from this powerful association, the thunderbolt is often found in military symbolism and semiotic representations of electricity.

Lightning plays a role in many mythologies, often as the weapon of a sky and storm god. As such, it is an unsurpassed method of dramatic instantaneous retributive destruction: thunderbolts as divine weapons can be found in many mythologies.

• In Hindu mythology, the god Indra is known as the god of lightning. His main weapon is the thunderbolt (Vajra).
• In Hittite and Hurrian mythology, a triple thunderbolt was one symbol of Teshub.
• In Greek mythology, the thunderbolt is a weapon given to Zeus by the Cyclops.
• In Roman mythology, the thunderbolt is a weapon given to Jupiter by the Cyclops.
• In Germanic mythology, Thor is specifically the god of thunder and lightning, wielding Mjolnir.
• In Maya mythology, Huracan is sometimes represented as three lightning bolts.
• In Native American mythology, the Ani Hyuntikwalaski (“thunder beings”) cause lightning fire in a hollow sycamore tree.

The thunderbolt continues into the modern world as a prominent symbol; it has entered modern heraldry and military iconography.

Ikan Temoleh@Tamalian / Probarbus jullieni

The Jullien’s Golden Carp, Seven-striped Barb, Barbeau De Jullien, or Carpilla Ikan TemolehProbarbus jullieni) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish in the Cyprinidae family. It is found in Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. It is large, attaining 150 cm in length and 70 kg in weight, and resides primarily in the main stems of major rivers such as the Mekong. It is considered an excellent food fish but it expensive due to scarcity. Overfishing is considered the primary cause for the precarious status of the fish. (

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Bunga Kertas /Bougainvillea

Pokok Bunga Kertas (bahasa Inggeris: “bougainvillea“) mempunyai bunga berwarna-warni yang berkembang sepanjang tahun dan oleh itu, telah menjadi pilihan tanaman hiasan tropika yang sangat popular. Berasal dari Amerika Selatan, pokok bunga kertas sering ditanam di taman-taman, kawasan perumahan, dan kawasan hiasan laman. Semasa pokok bunga kertas berbunga, adalah kebiasaannya bahawa kebanyakan daunnya akan luruh dan meninggalkan bunga-bunga dan dahan-dahan yang menarik. Nama botani bunga ini Bougainvillea spp.

Pokok bunga kertas mendapat nama disebabkan bunganya yang nipis dan mempunyai ciri-ciri seperti kertas. Nama Inggeris bunga ini, iaitu Bougainvilla, pula dinamakan sempena nama Louis Antoine de Bougainville, seorang Komander Laut Perancis.

Pokok bunga kertas tergolong dalam famili Nyctaginaceae yang mengandungi 28 genus dan 250 spesies. Terdapat tiga spesies utama bougainvilla di Malaysia, iaitu B. glabra, B. spectabilis, dan B. Mrs. Butt. Banyak kacukan telah dilakukan daripada tiga spesies asal ini untuk menghasilkan pokok bunga kertas yang mempunyai pelbagai warna kelopak, baik selapis mahupun banyak lapis.

Pokok bunga kertas juga menjadi pilihan kacukan untuk menjadikan pokok bunga kertas yang mempunyai pelbagai dahan dengan bunga yang berlainan warna. Pokok bunga kertas menjadi pilihan ramai disebabkan bunga berwarna-warni yang cantik dan tahan lama, mudah dijaga, serta pokoknya yang tahan lama sehingga melebihi 20 tahun (jika dijaga dengan betul). Pokok bunga kertas kini juga menjadi pilihan bagi menghasilkan pokok bonsai renek.

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Bougainvillea (pronounced /ˌbuːɡɨnˈvɪliə/)^[1] is a genus of flowering plants native to South America from BrazilPeru and south to southern Argentina (Chubut Province). Different authors accept between four and 18 species in the genus. The plant was discovered in Brazil in 1768, by Philibert Commerçon, French Botanist accompanying French Navy admiral and explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville during his his voyage of circumnavigation. west to

They are thorny, woody, vines growing anywhere from 1-12 meters tall, scrambling over other plants with their hooked thorns. The thorns are tipped with a black, waxy substance. They are evergreen where rainfall occurs all year, or deciduous if there is a dry season. The leaves are alternate, simple ovate-acuminate, 4-13 cm long and 2-6 cm broad. The actual flower of the plant is small and generally white, but each cluster of three flowers is surrounded by three or six bracts with the bright colors associated with the plant, including pink, magenta, purple, red, orange, white, or yellow. Bougainvillea glabra is sometimes referred to as “paper flower” because the bracts are thin and papery. The fruit is a narrow five-lobed achene.

Bougainvillea are relatively pest-free plants, but may suffer from worms and aphids. The larvae of some LepidopteraGiant Leopard Moth. species also use them as food plants, for example the

Cultivation and uses

Bougainvilleas are popular ornamental plants in most areas with warm climates, including the Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan, India, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Australia, Singapore, the Mediterranean region, the Caribbean, Mexico, South Africa, Kuwait,and the United States in Arizona, California, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, and southern Texas.

Numerous cultivars and hybrids have been selected, including nearly thornless shrubs. Some Bougainvillea cultivars are sterile, and are propagated from cuttings.

Bougainvillea are rapid growing and flower all year in warm climates, especially when pinched or pruned. They grow best in moist fertile soil. Bloom cycles are typically four to six weeks. Bougainvillea grow best in very bright full sun and with frequent fertilization, but the plant requires little water to flower. As indoor houseplants in temperate regions, they can be kept small by bonsai techniques. If overwatered, Bougainvillea will not flower and may lose leaves or wilt, or even die from root decay.

Symbolism

Various species of Bougainvillea are the official flowers of the island of Grenada, the island of Guam, of Lienchiang and Pingtung Counties in Taiwan, Ipoh, Malaysia[1] and of the cities of Tagbilaran, Philippines; Camarillo, California; Laguna Niguel, California; San Clemente, California; and Naha, Okinawa.

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Bunga Tahi Ayam / Lantana Camera Linn

Pokok Bunga Tahi Ayam atau juga dikenali sebagai Bunga pagar mempunyai nama saintifik Lantana Camara .
Pokok Bunga Tahi Ayam (Lantana Camara) merupakan sejenis pokok berbunga yang mempunyai bentuk yang cantik tetapi berbau kurang menyenangkan.

Ia merupakan sejenis pokok renek berbulu dan digunakan dalam perubatan Melayu.

Terdapat sekitar 100 jenis lantana. Ketinggiannya boleh mencapai 3-5 kaki. Kelebaran tumbuhan ini boleh mencapai ke 8 kaki. Batangnya berduri dan daunnya pula berbau yang kurang menyenangkan . Bunga tumbuhan ini berbentuk payung dan mempunyai pelbagai warna dari kuning, merah jambu, ungu dan kuning kemerahan.

Warna bunga ini juga berubah megikut peringkat iaitu dari warna putih ke warna kuning, warna jingga ke warna merah dan warna pink ke warna ros kemerahan. Perubahan warna ini berubah mengikut kepada iklim. Kebiasaannya tumbuhan renek ini hanya didapati di negara-negara beriklim lembap sahaja. Buahnya pula berbentuk tangkai, berwarna hijau, merah dan biru kehitaman. Pokok Lantana ini lazimnya sangat jarang dirosakkan serangga ataupun haiwan, ini kerana pokoknya yang beracun.

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Semut adalah serangga eusosial yang berasal dari keluarga Formisidae, dan semut termasuk dalam ordo Himenoptera bersama dengan lebah dan tawon. Semut terbagi atas lebih dari 12.000 kelompok, dengan perbandingan jumlah yang besar di kawasan tropis. Semut dikenal dengan koloni dan sarang-sarangnya yang teratur, yang terkadang terdiri dari ribuan semut per koloni. Jenis semut dibagi menjadi semut pekerja, semut pejantan, dan ratu semut. Satu koloni dapat menguasai dan memakai sebuah daerah luas untuk mendukung kegiatan mereka. Koloni semut kadangkala disebut superorganisme dikarenakan koloni-koloni mereka yang membentuk sebuah kesatuan. Semut telah menguasai hampir seluruh bagian tanah di Bumi. Hanya di beberapa tempat seperti di Islandia,GreenlandHawaii, mereka tidak menguasai daerah tesebut.^[1][2] Di saat jumlah mereka bertambah, mereka dapat membnetuk sekitar 15 – 20% jumlah biomassa hewan-hewan besar.^[3] dan Rayap, terkadang disebut semut putih, tidak memiliki hubungan yang erat dengan semut, walaupun mereka memiliki struktur sosial yang sama. Semut beludru, walaupun menyerupai semut besar, tapi mereka merupakan tawon betina yang tidak bersayap. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Ants are social insects of the family Formicidae (pronounced /fɔrˈmɪsəˌdiː/), and along with the related wasps and bees, they belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from wasp-like ancestors in the mid-Cretaceous period between 110 and 130 million years ago and diversified after the rise of flowering plants. Today, more than 12,000 species are classified with upper estimates of about 14,000 species.^[3][4] They are easily identified by their elbowed antennae and a distinctive node-like structure that forms a slender waist. Ants form colonies that range in size from a few dozen predatory individuals living in small natural cavities to highly organised colonies which may occupy large territories and consist of millions of individuals. These larger colonies consist mostly of sterile wingless females forming castes of “workers”, “soldiers”, or other specialised groups. Nearly all ant colonies also have some fertile males called “drones” and one or more fertile females called “queens“. The colonies are sometimes described as superorganisms because the ants appear to operate as a unified entity, collectively working together to support the colony.^[5] Ants have colonised almost every landmass on Earth. The only places lacking indigenous ants are Antarctica and certain remote or inhospitable islands. Ants thrive in most ecosystems, and may form 15–25% of the terrestrial animal biomass.^[6] Their success has been attributed to their social organisation and their ability to modify habitats, tap resources, and defend themselves. Their long co-evolution with other species has led to mimetic, commensal, parasitic, and mutualistic relationships.^[7] Ant societies have division of labour, communication between individuals, and an ability to solve complex problems.^[8] These parallels with human societies have long been an inspiration and subject of study. Many human cultures make use of ants in cuisine, medication and rituals. Some species are valued in their role as biological pest control agents.^[9] However, their ability to exploit resources brings ants into conflict with humans, as they can damage crops and invade buildings. Some species, such as the red imported fire ant, are regarded as invasive species, since they have established themselves in new areas where they have been accidentally introduced.^[10]

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